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Q101. CORRECT TEXT

Quota is implemented on /data but not working properly. Find out the Problem and implement the quota to user1 to have a soft limit 60 inodes (files) and hard limit of 70 inodes (files).

Answer and Explanation:

Quotas are used to limit a user's or a group of users' ability to consume disk space. This prevents a small group of users from monopolizing disk capacity and potentially interfering with other users or the entire system. Disk quotas are commonly used by ISPs, by Web hosting companies, on FTP sites, and on corporate file servers to ensure continued availability of their systems.

Without quotas, one or more users can upload files on an FTP server to the point of filling a filesystem. Once the affected partition is full, other users are effectively denied upload access to the disk. This is also a reason to mount different filesystem directories on different partitions. For example, if you only had partitions for your root (/) directory and swap space, someone uploading to your computer could fill up all of the space in your root directory (/). Without at least a little free space in the root directory (/), your system could become unstable or even crash.

You have two ways to set quotas for users. You can limit users by inodes or by kilobyte-sized disk blocks. Every Linux file requires an inode. Therefore, you can limit users by the number of files or by absolute space. You can set up different quotas for different filesystems. For example, you can set different quotas for users on the /home and /tmp directories if they are mounted on their own partitions.

Limits on disk blocks restrict the amount of disk space available to a user on your system. Older versions of Red Hat Linux included LinuxConf, which included a graphical tool to configure quotas.

As of this writing, Red Hat no longer has a graphical quota configuration tool. Today, you can configure quotas on RHEL only through the command line interface.

1. vi /etc/fstab

/dev/hda11 /data ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2

2. Either Reboot the System or remount the partition.

Mount -o remount /dev/hda11 /data

3. touch /data/aquota.user

4. quotacheck -ufm /data

5. quotaon -u /data

6. edquota -u user1 /data

and Specified the Soft limit and hard limit on opened file.

To verify either quota is working or not:

Soft limit specify the limit to generate warnings to users and hard limit can't cross by the user. Use the quota command or repquota command to monitor the quota information.

Q102. CORRECT TEXT

Deny the ALL services to the member of cracker.org but allow to trusted.cracker.org.

Answer and Explanation:

1. vi /etc/hosts.deny

ALL:.cracker.org EXCEPT trusted.cracker.org

We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny.

There will be three stage access checking

-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?

- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?

- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.

To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT operation.

Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:

Demon_list:client_list:options

In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.

Q103. CORRECT TEXT

Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local LAN. As well as enable the pop and pop secured protocol.

Answer and Explanation:

1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names

example.com

2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc

dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl

3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf

4. vi /etc/mail/access

192.168.0 RELAY

example.com RELAY

5. service sendmail start | restart

6. chkconfig dovecot on

7. vi /etc/dovecot.conf

protocols = pop3 pop3s

8. service dovecot start | restart

9. chkconfig dovecot on

/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server program reads the

/etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail server, we should edit the

/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the sendmail.cf using m4 command.

By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the

/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.

By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on /etc/mail/access to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or individual email address.

By default dovecot service start only the imap protocol. To start pop protocol with dovecot, we should write in /etc/dovecot.conf file.

Q104. CORRECT TEXT

Boot your System Successfully on run level 3.

Answer and Explanation:

After completing the Boot loader problem, you will boot the system, but it goes to emergency mode. Remember that if System boots on Emergency mode that means file system problem.

You will get the Shell, remount the / filesystem with read and write mode.

1. First Find out the / filesystem using e2lable /dev/hda1, e2lable /dev/hda2 etc

2. mount -o remount,defaults /dev/hda? /

3. vi /etc/fstab

You will get like:

/root / ext3 defaults 1 1

or / /root ext3 defaults 1 1

4. Edit the file like:

/ / ext3 defaults 1 1

5. Configure the /etc/grub.conf file if just booting system by editing grub from grub prompt.

6. Reboot the system.

Q105. CORRECT TEXT

One Package named zsh is dump on ftp://server1.example.com under pub directory. Install the package from ftp server.

Answer and Explanation:

1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/zsh-*

2. Package will install

rpm command is used to install, update and remove the package, -i means install, -v means verbose and -h means display the hash mark.

Q106. CORRECT TEXT

Set the Hostname station?.example.com where ? is your Host IP Address.

Answer and Explanation:

1. hostname station?.example.com à This will set the host name only for current session. To set hostname permanently.

2. vi /etc/sysconfig/network

HOSTNAME=station?.example.com

3. service network restart

Q107. CORRECT TEXT

Port 8080

Configure the squid server to allow the Local Domain and deny to cracker.org domain.

Answer and Explanation:

At exam Lab example.com domain resides on 192.168.0.0/24 Network and cracker.org resides on 192.168.1.0/24 Network.

1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf

#detault:

http_port 8080

#Recommended minimum configuration:

# Near the src acl src section

acl allownet src 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0

acl denynet src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0

#Default:

# http_access deny all

#Under Here

http_access allow allownet

http_access deny denynet

2. service squid start

3. chkconfig squid on

squid is a proxy caching server, using squid we can share the internet, block the internet, to certain network. First we should define the port for squid, the standard port for squid is 3128. We can run squid on different port by specifying http_port portnumber.

Q108. CORRECT TEXT

There are two different networks 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. Where 192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 IP Address are assigned on Server. Verify your network settings by pinging 192.168.1.0/24 Network's Host.

Answer and Explanation:

At exam time read the Lab Scenario carefully. Actually there are two different networks one is 192.168.0.0/24 where your system resides know as example.com

domain and another is 192.168.1.0/24 know as cracker.org domain.

One server named sever1.example.com having 192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 is running in your exam. If you make a gateway to that server, you will can ping because IP forwarding is enabled on that server.

1. vi /etc/sysconfing/network

NETWORKING=yes

HOSTNAME=station?.example.com

GATEWAY=192.168.0.254

2. service network restart

1. vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0

ONBOOT=yes

BOOTPROTO=static

IPADDR=X.X.X.X

NETMASK=X.X.X.X

GATEWAY=192.168.0.254

2. ifdown eth0

3. ifup eth0

Note: If gateway is specified in both file, default gateway takes from interface specific file.

Q109. CORRECT TEXT

Your System is going use as a router for 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. Enable the IP Forwarding.

i. echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

ii. vi /etc/sysctl.conf

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

/proc is the virtual filesystem, containing the information about the running kernel. To change the parameter of running kernel in running state you should modify the /proc. From Next boot the system, kernel will take the value from /etc/sysctl.conf. If net.ipv4.ip_forward is 0, it disable the IP forwarding, if 1 then it enable the IP Forwarding.

Q110. CORRECT TEXT

Install the dialog-*

Answer and Explanation:

Questions asking you to install the dialog package from the server. In your Lab FTP server as well as NFS server are configured. You can install either through FTP or NFS.

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