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Q81. A remote user tries to login to a secure network using Telnet, but accidently types in an invalid user name or password. Which responses would NOT be preferred by an experienced Security Manager? (multiple answer)
A. Invalid Username
B. Invalid Password
C. Authentication Failure
D. Login Attempt Failed
E. Access Denied
Answer: AB
Explanation: As little information as possible should be given about a failed login attempt. Invalid username or password is not desirable.
Q82. Study the following exploit code taken from a Linux machine and answer the questions below:
echo “ingreslock stream tcp nowait root /bin/sh sh –I" > /tmp/x;
/usr/sbin/inetd –s /tmp/x;
sleep 10;
/bin/ rm –f /tmp/x AAAA…AAA
In the above exploit code, the command “/bin/sh sh –I" is given.
What is the purpose, and why is ‘sh’ shown twice?
A. The command /bin/sh sh –i appearing in the exploit code is actually part of an inetd configuration file.
B. The length of such a buffer overflow exploit makes it prohibitive for user to enter manually. The second ‘sh’ automates this function.
C. It checks for the presence of a codeword (setting the environment variable) among the environment variables.
D. It is a giveaway by the attacker that he is a script kiddy.
Answer: A
Explanation: What's going on in the above question is the attacker is trying to write to the unix filed /tm/x (his inetd.conf replacement config) -- he is attempting to add a service called ingresslock (which doesnt exist), which is "apparently" suppose to spawn a shell the given port specified by /etc/services for the service "ingresslock", ingresslock is a non-existant service, and if an attempt were made to respawn inetd, the service would error out on that line. (he would have to add the service to /etc/services to suppress the error). Now the question is asking about /bin/sh sh -i which produces an error that should read "sh: /bin/sh: cannot execute binary file", the -i option places the shell in interactive mode and cannot be used to respawn itself.
Q83. Jim’s Organization just completed a major Linux roll out and now all of the organization’s systems are running Linux 2.5 Kernel. The roll out expenses has posed constraints on purchasing other essential security equipment and software. The organization requires an option to control network traffic and also perform stateful inspection of traffic going into and out of the DMZ, which built-in functionality of Linux can achieve this?
A. IP ICMP
B. IP Sniffer
C. IP tables
D. IP Chains
Answer: C
Explanation: iptables is the name of the user space tool by which administrators create rules for the packet filtering and NAT modules. While technically iptables is merely the tool which controls the packet filtering and NAT components within the kernel, the name iptables is often used to refer to the entire infrastructure, including netfilter, connection tracking and NAT, as well as the tool itself. iptables is a standard part of all modern Linux distributions.
Q84. Attackers footprint target Websites using Google Hacking techniques. Google hacking is a term that refers to the art of creating complex search engine queries. It detects websites that are vulnerable to numerous exploits and vulnerabilities. Google operators are used to locate specific strings of text within the search results.
The configuration file contains both a username and a password for an SQL database. Most sites with forums run a PHP message base. This file gives you the keys to that forum, including FULL ADMIN access to the database. WordPress uses config.php that stores the database Username and Password.
Which of the below Google search string brings up sites with "config.php" files?
A. Search:index config/php
B. Wordpress:index config.php
C. intitle:index.of config.php
D. Config.php:index list
Answer: C
Q85. Your company has blocked all the ports via external firewall and only allows port 80/443 to connect to the Internet. You want to use FTP to connect to some remote server on the Internet. How would you accomplish this?
A. Use HTTP Tunneling
B. Use Proxy Chaining
C. Use TOR Network
D. Use Reverse Chaining
Answer: A
Q86. John runs a Web Server, IDS and firewall on his network. Recently his Web Server has been under constant hacking attacks. He looks up the IDS log files and sees no Intrusion attempts but the web server constantly locks up and needs rebooting due to various brute force and buffer overflow attacks but still the IDS alerts no intrusion whatsoever.
John become suspicious and views he firewall logs and he notices huge SSL connections constantly hitting web server.
Hackers have been using the encrypted HTTPS protocol to send exploits to the web server and that was the reason the IDS did not detect the intrusions.
How would Jon protect his network form these types of attacks?
A. Install a proxy server and terminate SSL at the proxy
B. Install a hardware SSL “accelerator” and terminate SSL at this layer
C. Enable the IDS to filter encrypted HTTPS traffic
D. Enable the firewall to filter encrypted HTTPS traffic
Answer: AB
Explanation: By terminating the SSL connection at a proxy or a SSL accelerator and then use clear text the distance between the proxy/accelerator and the server, you make it possible for the IDS to scan the traffic.
Topic 20, Buffer Overflows
Q87. Bank of Timbukut is a medium-sized, regional financial institution in Timbuktu. The bank has deployed a new Internet-accessible Web Application recently. Customers can access their account balances, transfer money between accounts, pay bills and conduct online financial business using a web browser.
John Stevens is in charge of information security at Bank of Timbukut. After one month in production, several customers have complained about the Internet enabled banking application. Strangely, the account balances of many of the bank’s customers had been changed ! However, money hasn’t been removed from the bank, instead money was transferred between accounts. Given this attack profile, John Stevens reviewed the Web Application’s logs and found the following entries.
What kind of attack did the Hacker attempt to carry out at the Bank?
A. Brute Force attack in which the Hacker attempted guessing login ID and password from password cracking tools
B. The Hacker used a generator module to pass results to the Web Server and exploited Web Application CGI vulnerability.
C. The Hacker first attempted logins with suspected user names, then used SQL injection to gain access to valid login IDs
D. The Hacker attempted Session Hijacking, in which the hacker opened an account with the bank, then logged in to receive a session ID, guessed the next ID and took over Jason’s session.
Answer: C
Explanation: Typing things like ‘ or 1=1 – in the login field is evidence of a hacker trying out if the system is vulnerable to SQL injection.
Topic 15, Hacking Wireless Networks
Q88. The GET method should never be used when sensitive data such as credit is being sent to a CGI program. This is because any GET command will appear in the URL and will be logged by any servers. For example, let’s say that you’ve entered your credit card information into a form that uses the GET method. The URL may appear like this:
https://www.xsecurity-bank.com/creditcard.asp?cardnumber=454543433532234
The GET method appends the credit card number to the URL. This means that anyone with access to a server log will be able to obtain this information.
How would you protect from this type of attack?
A. Replace the GET with POST method when sending data
B. Never include sensitive information in a script
C. Use HTTOS SSLV3 to send the data instead of plain HTTPS
D. Encrypt the data before you send using GET method
Answer: A
Explanation: If the method is "get", the user agent takes the value of action, appends a ? to it, then appends the form data set, encoded using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded content type. The user agent then traverses the link to this URI. If the method is "post" --, the user agent conducts an HTTP post transaction using the value of the action attribute and a message created according to the content type specified by the enctype attribute.
Q89. This is an authentication method in which is used to prove that a party knows a password without transmitting the password in any recoverable form over a network. This authentication is secure because the password is never transmitted over the network, even in hashed form; only a random number and an encrypted random number are sent.
A. Realm Authentication
B. SSL Authentication
C. Basic Form Authentication
D. Cryptographic Authentication
E. Challenge/Response Authentication
Answer: E
Explanation: Challenge-Response Authentication The secure Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism (CRAM-MD5) avoids passing a cleartext password over the network when you access your email account, ensuring that your login details cannot be captured and used by anyone in transit. http://www.neomailbox.com/component/content/article/212-hardware-token-authentication
Q90. What does an ICMP (Code 13) message normally indicates?
A. It indicates that the destination host is unreachable
B. It indicates to the host that the datagram which triggered the source quench message will need to be re-sent
C. It indicates that the packet has been administratively dropped in transit
D. It is a request to the host to cut back the rate at which it is sending traffic to the Internet destination
Answer: C
Explanation: CODE 13 and type 3 is destination unreachable due to communication administratively prohibited by filtering hence maybe they meant "code 13", therefore would be C).
Note:A - Type 3B - Type 4C - Type 3 Code 13D - Typ4 4